Enzymes:
Action Figure Proteins

Enzymes are proteins required by almost every process in our bodies and they seem to be pretty important to life. One source says there are 55,000 of these specialized proteins in our body; another says 75,000.

It seems to depend on whom we ask but who's counting and do we care?

Yes, we care but only to the extent that our body starts losing its ability to manufacture certain ones at which time we might have to supplement.

No matter how many there are, we need them all and since scientists like to classify things, all our enzymatic catalysts have been neatly segregated into three classes.

The metabolic type runs the vital processes of the body. A digestive type does just that; digests our food. The third type is contained in food and kick starts the digestive process.

The digestive catalysts should not be confused with the gut flora that also assists in digestion; they are bacteria, not catalytic proteins.

The word "catalyst" has been used several times here so maybe it should be defined. A catalyst is something, in this case a protein, which speeds up a chemical reaction.

Since all reactions need a certain amount of energy to get started, a catalyst lowers the "activation energy" as it’s called thus starting the reaction sooner and making it proceed faster.

These guys really put the pedal to the metal since typical enzymatic reactions proceed millions of times faster than uncatalyzed reactions.

The whole subject is extremely complex with a whole new set of terminology to learn. For example, the molecule that an enzyme acts on is a substrate, inhibitors are third-party molecules that decrease enzymatic activity and activators are molecules that increase the rate of activity.

It is interesting that these catalyzing proteins are not consumed in the reaction as one might expect as is illustrated in the embedded video below from kosasikandarsjah's Channel.

They select the molecule (substrate) they act upon and the group that occur in any given cell determine which metabolic processes occur in that cell.

Cofactors

The word "cofactor" is frequently encountered when dealing with this subject and can be considered as a helper molecule that helps with a biological chemical reaction.

For our purposes cofactors are non-proteins that are bound to a protein and are necessary for the reaction to occur at all.

Cofactors can be organic or inorganic and are also classified as to how tightly or loosely they are bound to their host.

A loosely bound cofactor is called a coenzyme and we will see more of that on another page where Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is covered. A tightly bound cofactor is called a prosthetic group.

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The purpose is not to get deeply into the science of how an enzymatic reaction works but rather to focus on when we might need to supplement certain ones, which ones and how much.

In spite of the huge number in our body, it is estimated that they catalyze about 4000 reactions.

If we see a chemical compound that ends with the suffix "ase" it is probably an enzyme and very often their name is descriptive of their function. For example we have two in our saliva, lipase and amylase.

Both of them start digestion in the mouth as food is chewed. Lipase breaks down fat (think lipid) and amylase breaks down carbohydrates and starch into sugar (amyl derives from the Latin and Greek word for starch).

Protease breaks down protein but not in the mouth, it operates in the GI tract. Cellulase breaks down the cellulose in fruit, vegetables and grains.

Lactase breaks down milk sugar and this is one that may need to be supplemented as we age since its production declines with age resulting in lactose intolerance.

There seems to be two extremes when it comes to supplementation of catalytic proteins. The first is usually espoused by the medical community and university researchers who claim that every catalytic agent we need to function is produced by our bodies from the food we consume.

Supplementation is totally unnecessary and a waste of money with possibly one or two exceptions.

They all fall back on the old bromide that while they seem to have some positive effect when administered to lab mice, there is no clinical evidence that they do one bit of good for humans.

A good example of this position is seen in the University of California Berkeley's Wellness Guide to Dietary Supplements. Their bottom line, to quote, is that "no clinical evidence supports the idea that swallowing, injecting or otherwise consuming enzymes can benefit healthy people or prevent disease, let alone keep you young."

Wonder what about unhealthy people and who said anything about keeping anyone young? Sounds like their mind is made up and don't bother me with facts.

The other extreme is usually taken by companies that produce and sell such supplements or health providers who have built a reputation on enzymatic therapy using enzymes to maintain health as we age.

This group is not exactly unbiased either and claims from all of them should be researched thoroughly before parting with our hard earned money.

One of the more notable in this group that sells their line of supplements and one that seems to have some credibility is Enzymedica. Their products are primarily focused on digestion but also offer a blood purifier, an allergy blend and a cardiovascular product.

Their claim is that they research the therapeutic effectiveness of plant based enzymes through doctors and clinicians and that the company is coordinating and funding ongoing research.

The reference to Enzymedica is in no way an endorsement of the company or its products since the principals of the supplement-smartly.com have no direct knowledge or experience with the products. It is mentioned only to give balance to the position taken by U.C. Berkeley above.

You can watch one of Enzymedica's educational videos below courtesy of Tom Bohager, president of Enzymedica.

In the next few pages, several specific catalyzing proteins will be discussed that seem to have a good case for supplementation but in this area of nutritional supplements it is advised that we do our own research on the subject before deciding.

If one is under a doctor's care for any health condition, it is always advised to consult with the qualified health provider before consuming any specialized supplements.

Recommended Reading

Enzymes: What the Experts Know

The Complete Book of Enzyme Therapy: A Complete and Up-to-Date Reference to Effective Remedies